GRAMMAR :
- TENSES
A/ SIMPLE PAST TENSE
FORM :
S + V (ED/ 2 )
S + DIDN’T + V
DID + S + V ?
USES
-Haønh ñoäng ñaõ baét ñaàu vaø keát thuùc taïi moät thôøi ñieåm cuï theå trong quaù khöù
Ex: Tom left this city two years ago
- Moät loaït haønh ñoäng xaûy ra keá tieáp nhau trong quaù khöù / caâu truyeän
Ex: When we saw the spaceship, we stopped the car
ADVERBS OF TIME :
* Last + Noun Ex: last month / year / summer …
* ago
* yesterday
B/ PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
FORM :
S + WAS/ WERE + V-ING
S+ WERE/ WAS + NOT + V-ING
WAS/ WERE + S + V-ING?
USES
- Haønh ñoäng ñang dieãn ra taïi moät thôøi ñieåm cuï theå naøo ñoù trong quaù khöù
Ex: I was doing my homework at 6:00 last Sunday
- Hai haønh ñoäng xaûy ra ñoàng thôøi trong quaù khöù (WHILE )
Ex: Yesterday I was cooking while my sister was washing the dishes
- Moät haønh ñoäng ñang xaûy ra thì bò moät haønh ñoäng khaùc laøm giaùn ñoaïn (WHEN )
Ex: When I came yesterday, he was sleeping
C/ PRESENT PERFECT TENSE :
FORM :
S + HAVE / HAS + V (ED/ 3 )
S + HAVE / HAS + NOT + V (ED/ 3)
HAVE / HAS + S + V (ED/ 3 )
USES :
- Haønh ñoäng vöøa môùi xaûy ra
Ex: I have just met my old friend in the street
- Haønh ñoäng ñaõ xaûy ra trong quaù khöù vaø coøn keùo daøi ñeán hieän taïi
Ex: Tom has studied English for 5 years
- Haønh ñoäng ñaõ xaûy ra nhieàu laàn trong quaù khöù vaø haønh ñoäng naøy coùn coù theå coøn ñöôïc laëp laïi trong hieän taïi hoaëc töông lai
Ex: Susan loves that film . She has seen it eight times !
ADVERBS OF TIME :
For + duration of time / Since + a point of time
Just / Recently/ already / lately
Up to now = So far = until now = Up to the present
never ….before / not… yet
yet ?/ ever ?
This is the first time ….
D/ SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE
FORM :
S + WILL +V
S + WON’T +V
WILL +S + V?
USES :
- Dieãn ñaït yù kieán, söï chaéc chaén, döï ñoaùn cuûa moät ngöôøi noùi veà moät ñieàu gì ñoù trong töông lai
Ex: I’m sure he will come back soon
- Ñöa ra moät lôøi höùa, lôùi ñe doïa
Ex: Don’t tell him about this ! - No. I won’t
- Ñöa ra quyeát ñònh ngay töùc thì , khi ta quyeát ñònh hay ñoàng yù laøm ñieàu gì ñoù ngay luùc ñang noùi
Ex: There is a postbox over there. I’ll post these letters
NOTES : using WILL to make requests/ offers/ suggestions/ promises
OFFERS :
Shall I + V …? = Do you want me to + V ?
SUGGESTIONS :
Shall we + V …? = Let’s + V / What about + V-ing / How about + V-ing / Why don’t we + V ..?
REQUESTS :
Will you + V …? = Please + V …
PROMISES
I will + V ….. I promise
I promise I won’t / will + V ….
E/ PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE :
- Haønh ñoäng thöôøng xuyeân laëp ñi laëp laïi gaây söï böïc mình hay khoù chòu cho ngöôøi noùi – Thöôøng duøng vôùi caùc traïng töø always / continuously / constantly
Ex: He is always losing his keys
F/ STRUCTURES : SIMPLE PAST + PRESENT PERFECT
SIMPLE PAST
PRESENT PERFECT
EXAMPLES
S + BEGAN / STARTED + V-ING / TO V…..AGO
S + HAVE / HAS + V(ED/ 3)…+ FOR / SINCE ….
Ex: He started working here three years ago.
→He has worked here for three years.
WHEN + DID + S + START + TO V / V-ING ..?
HOW LONG + HAVE / HAS + S + V (ED/3 )?
Ex: When did you start studying English ?
→How long have you studied English ?
HOW LONG AGO + DID + S + START / BEGIN + TO V / V-ING ?
HOW LONG + HAVE / HAS + S + V (ED/3 )?
Ex: How long ago did you begin to study English ?
→How long have you studied English ?
HOW LONG IS IT SINCE + S + V(ED/2 )..?
WHEN + DID + S + V ..?
ex: How long is it since you studied English ?
→When did you study English ?
S + LAST + V (ED/2 ) + WHEN + S + WAS/ WERE + ……
S + HAVE / HAS + NOT + V (ED/3) + SINCE + S + WAS/ WERE …..
Ex: She last saw him when she was ten.
→She hasn’t seen him since she was ten
THE LAST TIME + S + V (ED/ 2) ….WAS + (TIME )
S + HAVE / HAS +NOT + V (ED/3 ) …+ FOR / SINCE ….
Ex: The last time Jack went swimming was five years ago.
→Jack hasn’t gone swimming for 5 years
IT IS + (TIME ) + SINCE + S + LAST + V (ED/ 2 )….
S + HAVE / HAS + NOT + V(ED/3) + FOR / SINCE …..
Ex: It’s three weeks since I last saw her.
→I haven’t seen her for three weeks.
IT / THIS IS THE FIRST TIME + S + HAVE / HAS + V(ED/3)
S + HAVE / HAS + NOT/ NEVER + V (ED/3) …BEFORE
Ex: I have never eaten this cake before
→ It/ This is the first time I have ever eaten this cake
-
S + V + O
S’ + BE + Vpp+………… (place ) …. + BY + O’ + (time)
|
ACTIVE VOICE – PASSIVE VOICE
Active
Passive
Examples
Simple present tense
S + V (s/es )
S + am / is / are + Vpp
Tom cleans the car Once a week.
Þ The car is cleaned by Tom once a week
Simple past tense
S + V (ed/ 2 )
S’ + was/ were + Vpp
Tom repaired the car.
ÞThe car was repaired by Tom.
Simple future tense
S + will + V
S’+ will + be + Vpp
John will finish the work by 5:00 PM.
ÞThe work will be finished by 5:00 PM.
Present continuous tense
S + am / is / are + V-ing
S’ + am / is / are + being + Vpp
Right now, Tom is writing the letter.
ÞRight now, the letter is being written by Tom.
Past continuous tense
S + was / were + V-ing
S’ + was/ were +being + Vpp
The salesman was helping the customer when the thief came into the store.
ÞThe customer was being helped by the salesman when the thief came into the store.
Present perfect tense
S + have / has + V pp
S’ + have / has + been + V pp
Many tourists have visited that castle.
ÞThat castle has been visited by many tourists.
Past perfect tense
S + had + V pp
S + had + been + Vpp
George had repaired many cars before he received his mechanic's license.
ÞMany cars had been repaired by George before he received his mechanic's license.
Be going to
S + be going to + V
S’ + be going to + be + V pp
Sally is going to make a beautiful dinner tonight.
ÞA beautiful dinner is going to be made by Sally tonight.
Modal
S + can / could / may / might / should / ought to/ must / would + V
S’+ can / could / may / might / should / ought to/ must / would + be +V pp
Sally must do this work
ÞThis work must be done by Sally
HAVE TO
S + has/ have / had to + V
S’ + has/ have / had to + be + V pp
She has to clean her room every Sunday
Þ Her room has to be cleaned every Sunday
- REPORTED SPEECH
1/ COMMANDS, REQUESTS , ADVICE
a/ Commands
S + TOLD + O + TO V / NOT TO V….
Ex: He said : “ Go away” → He told me to go away
Ex: I said : “ Don’t hurry” → I told them not to hurry
b/ Requests :
WOULD / WILL /COULD / CAN YOU + V ….?
DO/ WOULD + YOU MIND + V-ING..?
S + ASKED/ TOLD + O + TO V …
Ex: Keiko said to him : “ Would you please take off your shoes ?”
→Keiko asked / told him to take off his shoes
Ex: She said : “ Will you help me , please? “
→She asked / told me to help her
Ex: “ Could you check the oil, please?” I asked the mechanic
→I asked / told the mechanic to check the oil
c/ Advice
S + TOLD + O +(THAT) + S + SHOULD/ SHOULDN’T + V …
S + ADVISED + O + TO V / NOT TO V …
Ex: My teacher said : “ You should learn by heart 5 new words a day”
→My teacher told me that I should learn by heart 5 new words a day
→My teacher advised me to learn by heart 5 new words a day
2/ STATEMENT
SAID TO + O à TOLD + O
S + TOLD + O +(THAT ) + S + V …..
S + SAID (THAT ) + S + V ….
Ex: I said to her : “ I have something to show you “
→ I told her that I had something to show her
Ex: “I am going away tomorrow, mother” he said
→He told his mother that he was going away the next day
Ex: He said : “ I want to stay at home”
→He said that he wanted to stay at home
Notes of tenses
DIRECT
INDIRECT
Simple present tense : S + V (s/ es )
Simple Past : S + V (ed / 2)
Simple past : S + V (ed / 2)
Past perfect : S + had + V (ed/ 3)
Present perfect : S + have / has + V (ed/ 3)
Past perfect : S + had + (V ed/ 3)
Present continuous : S + am / is / are + V-ing
Past continuous : S + was/ were + V-ing
Simple Future : S + will + V
S + would + V
Can
Could
Should / ought to
Should / ought to
Must / have –has to
Had to
OTHER Notes
DIRECT
INDIRECT
This
That
These
Those
Now
Then
Here
There
Tonight
That night
Today
That day
Tomorrow
The next day ; The following day ; the day after
Yesterday
The day before ; the previous day
Next week / year
The following week / year ; the week / year after
Last week / year
The previous week / year ; the week before
To come
To go
Ago
Before
The day after tomorrow
Two days after ; in two days’ time
The day before yesterday
Two days before
3/ YES- NO QUESTIONS
S + ASKED + O + IF/ WHETHER + S + V ….
Ex: Their mother said :” Are you ready, children?”
→Their mother asked children if/ whether they were ready
4/ WH – QUESTIONS
S + ASKED + O + WH + S + V
Ex: John asked his mother : “ Where is my new jacket ?”
→John asked his mother where his new jacket was
- COMPOUND WORDS
Noun+ V-ing : fire – making / water – fetching
- TO INFINITIVE/ GERUNDS
1/ Theo sau tất cả trợ từ (động từ khiếm khuyết): can, could, will, shall, would, may, might, ought to, must, had better, would like to, needn't, would rather, would sooner, be supposed to là những động từ không "chia", V-bare
2/ Những động từ theo sau la "to verb'' co 2 trường hợp:
a- [cong thức: S+V+to V]: afford, appear, ask, bear, begin, choose, decide, expect, forget, hate, hesitate, intend, like, manage, neglect, prefer, pretend, propose, regret, seem, swear, try, wish, agree, arrange, attempt, beg, care, consent, determine, fail, happen, help, hope, learn, love, mean, offer, prepare, promise, refuse, remember, start, trouble, want, would like prefer.
b- [công thức: S+V+O+to V]: advise, ask, be, command, encourage, forbid, get, help, intend, leave, mean, oblige, permit, prefer, recommend, remind, tell, allow, bear, cause, compel, expect, force, hate, instruct, invite, like, need, order, persuade, press, request, teach, tempt, trouble, warn, want, wish.
3/ Theo sau bởi "V-ing": admit, advise, allow, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, confess, consider, deny, delay, detest, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, face, fancy, finish, give up, imagine, involve, justify, keep on, leave off, mention, mind, miss, permit, postpone, quit, recommend, resent, resist, resume, risk, save, tolerate, suggest, recollect, stop, pardon, can't resist, can't stand, can't help, understand
ngoai ra theo sau: be worth, it is no use, there is no, it is no good cũng là V-ing
4/ Những động từ theo sau gồm cả "to verb" & "V-ing":
advise, attempt, commence, begin, allow, cease, continue, dread, forget, hate, intend, leave, like, love, mean, permit, prefer, propose, regret, remember, start, study, try, can't bear, recommend, need, want, require.